Response Patterns of Nursing Unit Managers regarding Workplace Bullying: A Q Methodology Approach / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the response patterns of nursing unit managers regarding workplace bullying. METHODS: Q methodology was used to identify the response patterns. Thirty-six Q samples were selected from the Q population of 210 that included literature reviews and in-depth interviews with clinical nurses and nursing managers. Participants were 30 nursing unit managers who had experience managing workplace bullying and they classified the Q samples into a normal distribution frame measured on a nine-point scale. The data were analyzed using the PC-QUANL program. RESULTS: Five types of response patterns were identified: (1) sympathetic-understanding acceleration, (2) harmonious-team approach, (3) preventive-organizational management, (4) passive observation, and (5) leading-active intervention. The preventive-organizational management type was most frequently used by the nursing unit managers. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that nursing unit managers attempted to prevent and solve workplace bullying in various ways. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and conduct leadership training and intervention programs that appropriately address the response patterns of nursing unit managers, such as those identified in this study.

Response Patterns of Nursing Unit Managers regarding Workplace Bullying: A Q Methodology Approach

PURPOSE@#The purpose of this study was to identify the response patterns of nursing unit managers regarding workplace bullying.@*METHODS@#Q methodology was used to identify the response patterns. Thirty-six Q samples were selected from the Q population of 210 that included literature reviews and in-depth interviews with clinical nurses and nursing managers. Participants were 30 nursing unit managers who had experience managing workplace bullying and they classified the Q samples into a normal distribution frame measured on a nine-point scale. The data were analyzed using the PC-QUANL program.@*RESULTS@#Five types of response patterns were identified: (1) sympathetic-understanding acceleration, (2) harmonious-team approach, (3) preventive-organizational management, (4) passive observation, and (5) leading-active intervention. The preventive-organizational management type was most frequently used by the nursing unit managers.@*CONCLUSION@#The results of this study indicated that nursing unit managers attempted to prevent and solve workplace bullying in various ways. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and conduct leadership training and intervention programs that appropriately address the response patterns of nursing unit managers, such as those identified in this study.

Pathological characterization of TgElk mice injected with brain homogenate from elk with chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that affects cervids. CWD has been reported in 15 US states, two Canadian provinces, and in imported elk on several farms in Korea. This study was conducted to examine the molecular biological and pathogenic characteristics of a CWD-associated prion isolated in Korea. The epidemiological origin of this pathogen was also determined. Homozygous TgElk mice were infected with a CWD-affected elk brain pool prepared from the brain of an imported Canadian elk. We measured the incubation time of the pathogen, neuropathological changes by immunohistochemical staining, the pattern(s) of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) deposition, and PrPSc protein profiles by Western blotting. We found that TgElk mice infected with brain homogenate from the elk suffering from CWD showed incubation times, vacuolar degeneration, and PrPSc accumulation similar to those previously reported in the literature. Our results suggest that homozygous TgElk mice efficiently transmit CWD with short incubation times and that this animal can serve a valuable research model and reliable in vivo diagnostic tool.

Pathological characterization of TgElk mice injected with brain homogenate from elk with chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that affects cervids. CWD has been reported in 15 US states, two Canadian provinces, and in imported elk on several farms in Korea. This study was conducted to examine the molecular biological and pathogenic characteristics of a CWD-associated prion isolated in Korea. The epidemiological origin of this pathogen was also determined. Homozygous TgElk mice were infected with a CWD-affected elk brain pool prepared from the brain of an imported Canadian elk. We measured the incubation time of the pathogen, neuropathological changes by immunohistochemical staining, the pattern(s) of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) deposition, and PrPSc protein profiles by Western blotting. We found that TgElk mice infected with brain homogenate from the elk suffering from CWD showed incubation times, vacuolar degeneration, and PrPSc accumulation similar to those previously reported in the literature. Our results suggest that homozygous TgElk mice efficiently transmit CWD with short incubation times and that this animal can serve a valuable research model and reliable in vivo diagnostic tool.

Clinical Results of Interlaminar Approach for Endoscopic Discectomy in the Herniated Lumbar Disc at L5-S1

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study of 57 patients was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of percutaneous endoscopic surgery by using interlaminar approach (ILA) in symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (LDH) at L5-S1. METHODS: Visual analogue pain score (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to assess the clinical outcome. All assessment was done on 1 day before the operation, 3 days, 3months and 12months after the operation. RESULTS: The mean preoperative back and leg VAS was decreased from 5.6+/-1.4, 8.5+/-1.7 to 1.8+/-1.2, 1.5+/-1.3 at 3 days, 1.2+/-1.1, 1.8+/-1.7 at 3 months, and 1.4+/-1.7, 1.6+/-1.3 at 12 months after the operation. Mean preoperative ODI score was improved from 46.8+/-22.4% to 17.7+/-11.6% at 3 days, 15.3+/-10.1% at 3 months, and 16.2+/-9.3% at 12 months after the operation. There were 2 cases of surgical failure due to dural tearing and calcified disc. One patient presented with transient paresthesia postoperatively. Two patients showed the recurrent disc herniation at the same level and same side, and underwent second open surgery. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that percutaneous endoscopic surgery by using ILA is an effective surgical modality for the selective cases of LDH at L5-S1.

Correlation between the Symptomatic Lumbar Synovial Cyst and Facet Degeneration: Retrospective Study of 13 Surgical Cases

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study of 13 patients who underwent surgical treatment for symptomatic lumbar synovial cyst was performed to evaluate the clinical findings and pathogenesis of lumbar synovial cyst. METHODS: The clinical characteristics of the patients were investigated by reviewing the hospital records, preoperative radiological images, and operation records. By observing preoperative CT scans Facet degeneration grade at the lesion and opposite side of pathologic level and adjacent levels were assessed and compared. RESULTS: There were 5 males and 8 females (average 65.8 year-old). Six patients presented with low back pain and leg pain, and 7 patients presented only leg pain. Most common pathologic level was L4-5. All patients underwent the cyst resection with/without decompressive laminectomy or discectomy. The additional instrumentation was not performed in all patients. No complications or recurrence was observed during average 34.5 months follow-up. There was no significant difference of facet degeneration grade between the lesion side of pathologic level and opposite side of same level or lower adjacent level. CONCLUSION: In the present study, all patients showed clinical improvement by the simple surgery without any instrumentation. No significant correlation between the occurrence of synovial cyst and the degeneration grade of facet joint was revealed.

Effects of K+ channel modulators on extracellular K+ accumulation during ischemia in the rat hippocampal slice

Loss of synaptic transmission and accumulation of extracellular K+((K+)o) are the key features in ischemic brain damage. Here, we examined the effects of several K+ channel modulators on the early ischemic changes in population spike (PS) and (K+)o in the CA1 pyramidal layer of the rat hippocampal slice using electrophysiological techniques. After onset of anoxic aglycemia (AA), orthodromic field potentials decreased and disappeared in 3.3 +/- 0.22 min (mean +/- SEM, n = 40). The hypoxic injury potential (HIP), a transient recovery of PS appeared at 6.0 +/- 0.25 min (n = 40) in most slices during AA and lasted for 3.3 +/- 0.43 min. (K+)o increased initially at a rate of 0.43 mM/min (Phase 1) and later at a much faster rate (12.45 mM/min, Phase 2). The beginning of Phase 2 was invariably coincided with the disappearance of HIP. Among K+ channel modulators tested such as 4-aminopyridine (0.03, 0.3 mM), tetraethylammonium (0.1 mM), NS1619 (0.3 ~ 10 muM), niflumic acid (0.1 mM), glibenclamide (40 muM), tolbutamide (300 muM) and pinacidil (100 muM), only 4-aminopyridine (0.3 mM) induced slight increase of (K+)o during Phase 1. However, none of the above agents modulated the pattern of Phase 2 in (K+)o in response to AA. Taken together, the experimental data suggest that 4-aminopyridine-sensitive K+ channels, large conductance Ca2+/-activated K+ channels and ATP-sensitive K+ channels may not be the major contributors to the sudden increase of (K+)o during the early stage of brain ischemia, suggesting the presence of other routes of K+ efflux during brain ischemia.